Archive for the ‘battery’ tag
Automatic Battery
Automatic Battery

Citroen ZX Volcane Petrol Automatic Having changed the battery my car now turns over but will not start HELP
Can you give us some additional details for this please.
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![]() RED WOOD AUTOMATIC WATCH WINDER DISPLAY BOX BATTERY AC US $60.00
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Janty eGo Automatic Battery.wmv
Charging System
Charging System

Banks Charges and How They Affect You
Getting your first bank account may seem like a big achievement at first, but it can be quite a hassle as well. One big pain is the understanding of your bank's special charges and under which circumstances they may be levied against you. Let me explain to you what a bank charge is.
It is the way for banks to charge you for all of the extra services that you may or may not be aware that you are receiving. These can unfortunately be quick unfair for some consumers as bank charges can be very difficult or impossible to reverse except under the most extreme of circumstances. For all you know, there may be an incorrect charge that will end up costing you far more money than you had ever bargained for.
Do you want to gain an understanding of bank charges? Let us study some of the common charges that are levied by banks. One well known instance is the instance of an overdraft. An authorized overdraft is sometimes exempt from bank charges. In this instance the user just has to set up a temporary borrowing plan with their bank which will let them be slightly in the red for short periods of time without getting nailed with large charges.
But if your overdraft has not been authorized, you could be charged heavily. If you slip one number and end up 10 dollars in the red through writing a check, you can soon face large overdraft fees established by your bank alongside high interest charges that they will access.
The worst thing that a bank user can do is assume that many of their banks "services" are free. Most often, these "services" are charged. Even small errors could be charged by your bank. These include problems as simple as just using your ATM card more than your contract allows in a year or using more check books than you were allocated for the full year. One very serious problem is if you are forced to use an ATM from another bank.
Although some banks do not charge for this, other banks do. These can build into substantial sums quite quickly. These are really just normal services that many people would assume were just part of any package. But of course, you should not be making assumptions in the first place. Ignorance isn't always bliss.
The best way that you can possibly defend against unexpected bank charges is to fully look through all of the papers and contracts describing every service for your account. Make it a point to read the fine print if you do not want any extra expenses in the future.
If you want to have a bank account then you need to understand the many charges that banks can levy. The fact that you must keep in mind is that there are no freebies. The bank you are dealing with will provide you assistance, but only for a charge. They have little incentive to not charge a fee when they do you any favors that they don't have to do.
Read everything that they give you and read everything that you sign. Make sure that you are aware of the various charges that are being levied by the bank.
About the Author
Reclaim Bank Charges on your Saving Accounts. Get the Best Saving Accounts.
Why does my 92 dodge cummins charging system flutter?
When I start my 92 3/4 ton dodge cummins it doesn't charge for about five minutes and then it starts to charge when it warms up (needle flutters back and forth)? My 93 was almost the same way but worked a little faster. What is the cause of this and how can I repair it?
The cummins from that era has a intake heater assembly made to heat the air in the intake manifold. it helps with cold starts and while the engine is running while it is cold to get up to temp quicker. this is normal. you can check the amp draw with a amp meter to see if it is drawing too much. There was not a lot of electronics that were put on the 92 which should be a 12v engine. This may also have glowplugs on it as well. The 92-93 was borderline for the lowplugs depending on the build date of the engine
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Charging system in the car
Pile Battery
Pile Battery

Battery Experiments: Voltaic Pile
If you want to learn about the electrochemical reactions used to create batteries, it is easy to do experiments at home to try out different combinations. To do these experiments accurately, you will want to purchase an inexpensive ($10 to $20) volt-ohm meter at the local electronics or hardware store. Make sure that the meter can read low voltages (in the 1-volt range) and low currents (in the 5- to 10-milliamp range). This way, you will be able to see exactly what your battery is doing.
You can create your own voltaic pile using coins and paper towels. Mix salt with water (as much salt as the water will hold) and soak the paper towel in this brine. Then create a pile by alternating pennies and nickels. See what kind of voltage and current the pile produces. Try a different number of layers and see what effect it has on voltage. Then try alternating pennies and dimes and see what happens. Also try dimes and nickels. Other metals to try include aluminum foil and steel. Each metallic combination should produce a slightly different voltage.
Another simple experiment you can try involves a baby food jar (if you don't have a baby around the house, just purchase a few jars of baby food at the market and empty them out), a dilute acid, wire and nails. Fill the jar with lemon juice or vinegar (dilute acids) and place a nail and a piece of copper wire in the jar so that they are not touching. Try zinc-coated (galvanized) nails and plain iron nails. Then measure the voltage and current by attaching your volt meter to the two pieces of metal. Replace the lemon juice with salt water, and try different coins and metals as well to see the effect on voltage and current.
Probably the simplest battery you can create is called a zinc/carbon battery. By understanding the chemical reaction going on inside this battery, you can understand how batteries work in general.
Imagine that you have a jar of sulfuric acid (H2SO4). Stick a zinc rod in it, and the acid will immediately start to eat away at the zinc. You will see hydrogen gas bubbles forming on the zinc, and the rod and acid will start to heat up. Here's what is happening:
- The acid molecules break up into three ions: two H+ (hydrogen) ions and one SO4-- (sulfate) ion.
- The zinc atoms on the surface of the zinc rod lose two electrons (2e-) to become Zn++ ions.
- The Zn++ ions combine with the SO4-- ion to create ZnSO4 (zinc sulfate), which dissolves in the acid.
- The electrons from the zinc atoms combine with the hydrogen ions in the acid to create H2 molecules (hydrogen gas). We see the hydrogen gas as bubbles forming on the zinc rod.
If you now stick a carbon rod in the acid, the acid does nothing to it. But if you connect a wire between the zinc rod and the carbon rod, two things change:
- The electrons flow through the wire and combine with hydrogen on the carbon rod, so hydrogen gas begins bubbling off the carbon rod.
- There is less heat. You can power a light bulb or similar load using the electrons flowing through the wire, and you can measure a voltage and current in the wire. Some of the heat energy is turned into electron motion.
The electrons go to the trouble to move to the carbon rod because they find it easier to combine with hydrogen there. There is a characteristic voltage in the cell of 0.76 volts. Eventually, the zinc rod dissolves completely or the hydrogen ions in the acid get used up and the battery "dies."
In the next section, we'll look at exactly what is happening with the battery's chemistry.
More:http://www.b2c-battery.com.au/
About the Author
Laptop Batteries,Adapters,Chargers,notebook battery Laptop battery AU is everyone\'s battery store for Dell laptop battery, Acer laptop battery, Toshiba laptop battery, Compaq laptop battery, Camcorder battery, Canon camcorder battery, Camera battery, Power tools battery, Laptop AC adapter and Laptop DC adapter.
What is the most green and sustainable way to charge an iPod?
solar
wind
hand crank
lemon battery
voltaic pile
What ever you can think of!!!
umm i think they have solar but i you are gonna have to stick with the regular i guess
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![]() Lot of 10x Energizer CR2 Pile Lithium Photo Battery 30 Volts US $25.00
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How to Make a Battery from a Voltaic Pile
Battery Charging
Battery Charging

Aerovironment To Begin Making A Battery Charging Innovation
Aerovironment is a company that has specialized in the development and manufacture of unmanned aircraft systems as well as efficient energy storage systems. In 2007, the company was granted a United States patent for a battery-charging technology that would allow simultaneous (parallel) charging of multiple batteries. The new charging technology would allow the company's customers to use new types of power controllers and distribution to send the correct flow of energy to each battery type based on its own unique needs. This concept would then allow for industrial or on-road electrical vehicle applications.
The fast charge systems, both the PosiCharge Dual Vehicle System and the Multi-vehicle system, will make use of the parallel charging technology to be both more cost effective and productive in comparison to traditional battery charging types. These rapid charging systems allow not only for faster charge times of the vehicles but can reduce the need for additional electrical infrastructure as well.
Posicharge Dual vehicle battery charging system is designed so that the battery does not have to come out of the vehicle and its regular charging can be done during off use times so there is no interruption in work flow for charging. Because the battery is receiving a customizable charge each time, its useful life can be extended, saving the company money in replacement costs. Not having to stop work flow for battery charges increases productivity while the technology that is used increases worker safety and work site cleanliness. PosiCharge is a division of Aerovironment Inc.
The innovation is a good one on a number of levels. First, it addresses the need for increased safety when handling charging and batteries. Second, it addresses the need to keep productivity and work flow up for the average business. Third, it addresses the longevity of the average battery type, which is greatly decreased by the average charge cycle. Fourth, it addresses the need to customize the charge that is used for each battery based on its individual need. Finally, it addresses the needs to charge several batteries at different levels at the same time. Considering the expense of most battery types, anything that can extend its life even by ten charge-discharge cycles is a considerable improvement over the alternative need of having to continually buy new batteries at a continually growing expense. More importantly, the technology allows the battery to remain in place without it having to be handled and moved to be charged, increasing worker safety.
About the Author
Eco20/20 is a cutting edge informational site. The primary focus of the site is clean energy. For almost two year Eco20/20 has been a leader in forward thinking articles.
Fully charging a new digital camera battery before first use?
I recently got a new digital camera. The minute I got it I brought it home, put the battery and memory card in, and turned it on and played with the settings and took a few pictures. Only then did I notice the tiny writing on the box saying "Must fully charge battery before initial use." Im wondering if I could have caused damage to the camera or battery by turning it on and using it for a little while before fully charging the battery?
No harm done. It is actually better to have enjoyed your camera upon purchase and drain the battery completely before charging. If you have a decent charger, it would drain the battery first anyway before starting to charge it.
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Simple Solar Battery Charging System
Volt Alternator
Volt Alternator

Gm Asks Congress to Increase Alternative Fuel Research Fund
General Motors Corp. called on Congress to increase the fund allocated to support the automotive industry’s efforts to speed the implementation of advanced technologies. The call is anchored on discovering and promoting alternative fuel to wean the nation from dependence on foreign oil.
The call is also triggered by the need to improve efficiency of the vehicles. This need necessitates billions of dollars. This could also force the automaker to produce smaller and lighter cars or make hybrid counterparts of the production models. Eventually, GM is expected to drop some of its inefficient market segments and models.
Outside the Senate hearing room, GM showed them the Chevrolet Volt, a plug-in hybrid concept. Inside the hearing room, Beth Lowery, GM's vice president for energy and environment, told the Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee that the government should fund a major effort to increase research and development in battery technology and to support manufacturing of advanced batteries. "Government funding should continue and expand development and demonstration of hydrogen and fuel cells," she added.
Advances in technology are pretty much needed in producing state-of-the-art batteries, brakes, suspension, cooling system, and other auto parts accessories to help boost efficiency and performance of the vehicles. Said advances are also critical in producing plug-in hybrids like the Chevrolet Volt and the Ford Hy-series hybrid Edge a reality.
The Chevrolet Volt, which was officially unveiled at the North American International Auto Show, is basically a hybrid but the automaker prefers to call it an electric vehicle with a “range extender” because of its eccentric design. The concept car is engineered to run on electricity from on-board batteries for short trips up to 40 miles. It uses a small internal combustion engine hooked to a generator to supply to the batteries.
The Ford Hy-series hybrid Edge features the expediency of plugging in your car with a zero-emissions hydrogen fuel cell. Gerhard Schmidt, Ford’s vice president of research and advanced engineering said, “We could take the fuel cell power system out and replace it with a downsized diesel, gasoline engine or any other powertrain connected to a small electric generator to make electricity like the fuel cell does now.”
Some automakers were saddened by the fact that a proposed $500 million over five years to speed research into advanced batteries was not contained in President Bush's State of the Union address. However, it may still form part of the president’s budget proposal. Automakers also complained about Bush’s proposed 4 per cent increase in fuel efficiency. They said it is "very aggressive" and noted that it is twice the increase that the president has implemented last March, when the administration reformed and increased corporate average fuel economy rules for light trucks, which includes SUVs.
The first proposal to increase fuel economy requirements by 4 per cent was issued in December. Bush acknowledged that his proposal is similar to the previous proposal. "Their plan and my plan are very -- have got commonalities, and we're going to work together to get Congress to enact a comprehensive plan. I believe there's an appetite in the halls of Congress to become less dependent on oil," Bush said. Last year, the 4 per cent figure was also proposed by U.S. Sen. Barack Obama of Illinois. The latter still wanted Congress to mandate such an annual increase.
Lowery also called on Congress to include "further incentives for advanced automotive technology so that these technologies may be adopted by consumers in large numbers. Consumer tax credits should be focused on technologies that have the greatest potential to actually reduce petroleum consumption." She also added the federal government should increase its purchase of advanced vehicles.
However, some federal representatives are not amenable to Lowery’s call. "There are many smart ways to reduce our dependence on foreign oil and curb the emissions of greenhouse gases. We don't have to kill auto jobs to save the polar bears or wean ourselves from Saudi oil," said Joe Knollenberg, U.S. Rep from R-Bloomfield Township.
About the Author
Anthony Fontanelle is a 35-year-old automotive buff who grew up in the Windy City. He does freelance work for an automotive magazine when he is not busy customizing cars in his shop.
Is there a way to test an alternator with a DVOM (digital volt ohm meter) to see if it's functioning properly?
I think my alternator on my 1986 Mercedes Benz 300E is bad, but I don't want to remove it and take it to an autoparts store to have it tested because it is in a difficult location to remove. How can I test it with a DVOM to see if it's working properly? What are the steps and what should the readings be? Thank you.
Wow, you all really do know your stuff. Thank you for all the great answers.
Yes, their certainly is. The alternator has to generate more voltage than the battery has at rest, in order to drive the reactions that charge the battery.
So test the battery first. That should be about 12.5 volts. When you start the engine, the voltage should jump up to about 13.5 at the battery itself. This is a good sign. If it's more, like 14 volts, that's okay too. If it's 15, it's too high.
You will not be able to tell how many amps the alternator will be putting out, but you can at least turn on the headlights, wipers, and the vent blower on full speed, and maybe get somebody to hit the brakes to get those lights on. If it can carry all that at idle and not drop below 12.5, it's doing a reasonable job of pulling those loads.
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45 Volt Alternator Output TEST
Battery Tools
Battery Tools

What type of tools are best for a renovation and repair contractor?
air tools powered by an air compressor, battery powered tools or electric tools powered by a generator?
I'm not a contractor so take my advise in perspective. It is based on personal experience over years of fixin up our own homes. Battery powered tools don't have much torque and the batteries don't last long enough for real work. It sounds like you are preparing for remote sites or sites without AC so even if you go with air tools off a compressor you will need a generator. A good generator will give you the flexibility to use air or AC tools. Air tools have tons of torque. Sometimes battery powered tools are handy way up on a ladder or in confined spaces and if you have a generator you can charge them when needed. If I was you, I'd want a generator period. Good Luck. Work hard.
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OneStep Battery Analyzer / Battery Charger - OTC Part 1
Battery Tester
Battery Tester

Midtronics automotive Battery Tester. EBT-155 plus Manual or instructions.?
I have just bought an Exide/Midtronics EBT-155 Plus Electronic Battery Tester. I have worked out how to use it by using the manual from the similar PBT-200 tester but there are some functions that I don't know how to use.
If you have a manual, quick reference card or instructions for the 155+ could you scan and email them to me. If you know an on-line resource I can use, that would be even better. I have tried Google and the Midtronics and Exide websites without success.
I know what most of the LED readings mean, they are self explanatory, but what does it mean when one of the coloured indicator lights (Red, amber, green) is flashing?
Thanks.
Contact the company direct and get the details,also for a few dollars give them the model # and they will be more than glad to send you a manual . I have lost or misplaced manuals and have done the above.
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Battery Tester by Ronco (Commercial, 1982)
Capacity Air
Capacity Air

Industrial High Capacity Air Curtains
In the retail environment, research has shown that an open door increases trade by up to 40% as it is an invitation to come in and shop yet retail stores and supermarket air-conditioning systems are 'energy-hungry' so it would therefore seem logical to save as much of the cold air as possible, considering the cost to make it cold in the first place. Public buildings, like airports and convention centres, which have high demand air-conditioning systems need to have open doors to allow access and, while some facilities have motion detector-activated sliding doors, usually of glass, this solution is costly, thermally not very efficient and generally just a way of reducing draughts.
Air curtains are widely accepted across North America and Europe as a standard fitment in public buildings, retail stores and industrial applications such as coolers, freezers and cold storage facilities. Air curtains are generally associated with retaining heat energy in cold climates, and the energy savings are substantial.
The idea of having an invisible barrier across the doorway to enable unimpeded access yet effectively prevent temperature flow, dust, odours and insects to cross, is appealing in itself but add to this the cost-saving in reducing energy use and the idea becomes more compelling, especially as air curtains are relatively inexpensive items.
Appropriate for industrial applications
Keeping warm air out of insulated cold stores or refrigerated facilities is the Number 1 objective yet a mockery is made of this premise when freezer of chiller doors are left wide open and, in some cases, chocked open to facilitate the movement or storage of perishables.
Properly installed air curtains cut cold air loss and reduce humidity, thus reducing the load on refrigeration or air-conditioning plant and thereby saving energy by reducing compressor running time, maintenance, gas and recharging intervals. These units are an alternative to fast-acting roller doors and PVC slat curtains, and can be situated above or to the side of industrial doorways to create a powerful seal across the opening, keeping cold air in while providing complete visibility and access. This means that forklift drivers don't have to get out of their cabs to open and close doors so that moving from one area to another is a lot easier and productive. Unlike plastic slat curtains, which quickly become opaque with use, an air curtain provides 100% visibility at all times. Units have been installed in loading bays, factories, hangars and production facilities, such as food processing and pharmaceuticals, where differential temperatures are encountered overseas.
Insect an pest control a benefit
An air curtain supplying a high-velocity sheet of air across a door opening will prevent flies and other flying insects from entering a building. This is particularly important in restaurants and bars, and any premises where food is manufactured or served - where strict environmental health regulations apply. It is an extremely beneficial side effect as an air curtain is primarily employed for climate control yet units are also installed overseas for insect control alone.
The most effective air curtain design for insect control has a nozzle that can angle the air stream away from the area to be protected. An angle of about 20 from the vertical is usually optimal. The unit should meet or exceed UK Department of Agriculture and US Federal Drug Administration standards, which call for an air stream of 50 mm to 120 mm wide at the nozzle, capable of producing a minimum velocity of 8 m/s of air 1 m above the floor and across the entire door opening to ensure there are no gaps for the insects to enter.
Apart from flying insects, air-curtain manufacturers say rodents are also discouraged from entering a building. They claim that rats, mice and other furry intruders do not like the sensations of an air curtain on their fur and will avoid it!
Design and installation
The construction an design of the equipment that generates an air curtain is quite simple - a cross flow or axial fan, driven by a constant or variable speed electric motor contained in a simple enclosure with an air inlet and outlet, sized to produce a rate of flow to suit the opening and the velocity required to prevent heat transfer.
Off-the-shelf models are available from a number of suppliers and units are also custom made but, where wide entrances are involved that exceed the capacity of one fan unit, tow or more are stacked side by side (or on top of one another in the case of side mounting of very tall openings) and operated simultaneously, meaning that there is probably no limit to the size of the opening that can be accommodated.
By directing a jet of air either from top to bottom or horizontally across a doorway, this invisible 'barrier' reduces the rate of heat and moisture flow through the opening and, according to independent research conducted by the US-based Refrigerated Research Foundation and the University of Illinois, this can be as much as 60% to 80% in refrigerated facilities such as cold storage buildings, cold rooms and freezers.
These simple devices can be retrofitted or specified as part of the initial refrigeration or climate control design, reducing compressor running time or using a smaller capacity unit to achieve the same performance.
A variety of installation options are available to cater for building and architectural features such as suspended ceilings but the most common is simply bolting the unit to the wall above the doorway and connecting a single phase supply and switch to the unit.
Power consumption is negligible for a normal sized doorway opening - about 300 W. Some units can even be specified with a heating element to warm an enclosed area.
Air curtains block the flow
An air curtain simply creates a block in the air flow through an opening. The air velocity of the curtain must then be great enough to direct the resulting velocity downward and ensure that a small part of the air stream goes out while the main air flow comes back into the room.
For additional information please refer to http://www.olegsystems.com.
Oleg Chetchel
Industrial Systems Designer
Oleg Systems Co.
http://www.olegsystems.com/industrialventilation/Index.html
http://www.olegsystems.com/aircurtain/Index.html
About the Author
Oleg Chechel
Ventilation Equipment Designer
Canada Blower
http://www.canadablower.com/index.html
http://www.canadablower.com/oem/index.html
If Cogito Ergo Sum is true, then in what capacity do trees,rocks,and air exist?
If thinking is the only basis for existence then trees and rocks must think in some way. They exist. Do they have the ability to think?
Perhaps trees, rocks, and air exist because we think they do.
Maybe I exist because you think I do?
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Air vs Water Heat Capacity
Battery Float
Battery Float

Floating Candles are the New Invention in Decorative Arrangements
Considered one of the latest trends in interior decorations, floating candles have reached a peak of popularity all over the world, and they seem to remain on top. There are even cases when people actually took to making their own floating candles at home, following the specifications and the instructions they found in online manufacturing guides. This new invention in decorative arrangements creates a very cozy and intimate atmosphere, not to mention that one gets a surprisingly detached feeling only by watching them. Most models come in scented combinations since these are the most appreciated once, and for very good reasons.
Floating candles are best used outdoors on small garden ponds in the evening, creating a magic, almost fairy-tale like effect. But they are also very suitable for indoors usage as well; the only thing you have to keep in mind is never to use them on oil or some inflammable substance. Floating candles should be used only in combination with water. They are usually lighter than regular candles, which allows them to remain on the water surface. Considered mood enhancers, floating candles are a great choice for romantic evenings or for special aesthetic effects if you're throwing an intimate party at your place.
For unique decorations, it is best to use a transparent glass vase or bowl; if you don't have one in the house, you may purchase it from the same shop where you buy the candles. Stones, gems, crystals or shells can be added on the bottom of the vessel in order to enhance the beauty of the floating candles; some people also choose to put flowers or rose petals in the water as well, or a mirror beneath the vessel so as to increase the light effects. Used at home, in the absence of all wind, such floating candles will burn undisturbed.
The best type of floating candles are the votive ones; they come in a variety of colors and models, also accompanied by the accessories you may need to create the magic of water and lights. Many online catalogs even provide colored crystal cubes operated by small batteries that are placed in the water for color and sparkle. Glass gems, seashells and various types of vessels are also to be found at will. Floating candles make sensational decorations at wedding parties, particularly when combined with rose petals; they suggest the exact atmosphere the married couple would dream to have for the rest of their lives.
About the Author
Muna wa Wanjiru Has Been Researching and Reporting on Candles for Years. For More Information on Floating Candles, Visit His Site at FLOATING CANDLES
Backup sump pump recommendations?
I am looking for a battery powered backup sump pump. Due to the small sump pit in my house (I only have 5 to 6 inches of space for the backup), I am considering the the Hydropump RH1400 backup sump by Basepump. The pump itself is located outside the sump pit, requiring only the installation of a small float switch and suction pipe in the pit itself. Does anyone have any experience or feedback regarding this pump?
While I dont have specific experience with that pump I installed this one in my neighbors home and it worked fantastic. His pump runs 6 to 7 times a day, its a very wet location.
http://www.basementsystems.com/basement_waterproofing/waterproofing_products/sump_pump/triplesafe_sump_pump.php
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Alternator Battery
Alternator Battery

6600Mah, Li-Ion Replacement Dell Inspiron 6000 Battery
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About the Author
do i need a new alternator ,battery or extra battery?
i have a pioneer prs-d4000f 1200w amp for my 4 speakers and a jl audio slash v2 1000/1v2 amp for my two subwoofers.
what do i need to make this system run without any problems and without bad treating it? do i need a new alternator ,battery or other extra battery?
Rule of thumb...
If your total system power is a 1500 watts RMS or more you will need to:
1. Upgrade the alternator to a high output alternator
2. Upgrade to a heavy duty deep cycle battery
3. Upgrade the "Big 3" - that is to replace (or add to) the power wire between the battery and alternator, the ground from the battery to the chassis and the ground strap from the engine/tranny to the chassis with at least 2 AWG wire.
Failure to do this will result in you replacing them anyway as the alternator will eventually fail.
Here is a guide that will calculate what size alternator and power wires you need as well how to set the gain http://www.datafilehost.com/download.php?file=6d26c621
You'll need Microsft Excel to use it. If you don't have Excel, use this link http://www.box.net/shared/nkkw1dhk4g
A second battery is never a good idea as it's just an added strain on the alternator unless you plan on running the system with the engine off.
A cap is only good so far as the audio system isn't trying to pull too much from the electrical system. A cap doesn't provide more power, it's designed to 'stiffen' the voltage to the amp, nothing else. If the current isn't there, a cap won't help.
See my site for more info http://spkrbox1.spaces.live.com
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How to Change a Car Battery : How to Test an Alternator


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